Speaking in Minor and Major Keys
نویسندگان
چکیده
The prosodic phenomena discussed in the foregoing chapters were all instances of linguistic prosody. Prosody, however, also involves extra-linguistic characteristics, such as emotion. In this chapter we investigate whether or not differences in emotional speech are characterized by different modalities. In music the difference between sad and cheerful melodies is often indicated as a difference between a minor and a major key. Our main objective is the identification of analogous interval differences in the pitch contours of emotional speech in Dutch. It is obvious that the range in the pitch contour of sad speech is much smaller than the range in cheerful speech, but do we also speak in a minor key when we are sad and in a major key when we are happy? As we described in Chapter 1, Lerdahl and Jackendoff (1983) and Gilbers and Schreuder (2002) among others observe that intonation patterns in speech and melodies in music have a lot in common. One of the linguistic functions of intonation patterns and melodies is to mark boundaries. Differences in pitch movement can cause different meanings. In order to investigate emotional intonation, we recorded and analyzed the performances of five professional readers reading passages from A.A. Milne’s Winnie the Pooh in Dutch (1994, 1995). We are interested in the sad character Eeyore and the happy, energetic Tigger. Although we do not find modality in the pitch contours of all speakers, we do find intervals between tones
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تاریخ انتشار 2005